{"id":4521,"date":"2025-11-05T18:36:06","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T18:36:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/ako-funguje-jednoosobova-s-r-o-v-roku-2025-vyhody-nevyhody-a-rozdiely-oproti-klasickej-eserocke\/"},"modified":"2025-11-28T11:29:54","modified_gmt":"2025-11-28T11:29:54","slug":"ako-funguje-jednoosobova-s-r-o-v-roku-2025-vyhody-nevyhody-a-rozdiely-oproti-klasickej-eserocke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/ako-funguje-jednoosobova-s-r-o-v-roku-2025-vyhody-nevyhody-a-rozdiely-oproti-klasickej-eserocke\/","title":{"rendered":"Single\u2011Member LLC in Slovakia: Advantages, Obligations, and Common Pitfalls"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>What is a Slovak single\u2011member LLC?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A Slovak single\u2011member limited liability company, often called a \u201csingle\u2011member s.r.o.\u201d, is a legal form that can be established by a single natural or legal person. In practice, this means that the company has only one shareholder, who is also the owner of the entire company.<\/p>\n<p>This business model is extremely popular in Slovakia because it combines the advantages of sole proprietorship (flexibility, control) while providing protection of personal assets, which a sole trader does not have.<\/p>\n<p>According to \u00a7 105 et seq. of the Slovak Commercial Code, an LLC is a legal entity that is liable for obligations only up to the amount of its unpaid capital. This means that your personal assets are in most cases protected.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>When does a single\u2011member limited liability company arise in Slovakia?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A Slovak single\u2011member LLC arises when:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the founder is a single person (natural or legal),<\/li>\n<li>this person is also the sole shareholder of the company,<\/li>\n<li>all shares belong to the same person.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The company becomes legally valid only upon registration in the Commercial Register of the Slovak Republic.<br \/>\nFrom that moment, the LLC has its own legal personality \u2013 it can acquire property, conclude contracts, and do business in its own name.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Difference between single\u2011member and multi\u2011member LLC in Slovakia<\/strong><\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Criterion<\/th>\n<th>Single\u2011member LLC<\/th>\n<th>Multi\u2011member LLC<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Number of shareholders<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>2 to 50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Decision\u2011making<\/td>\n<td>Sole shareholder decides alone, in writing<\/td>\n<td>General meeting decides collectively<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Founding document<\/td>\n<td>Deed of foundation<\/td>\n<td>Articles of association<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Conflicts of interest<\/td>\n<td>Do not arise between shareholders<\/td>\n<td>Possible disputes between partners<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Flexibility<\/td>\n<td>Quick and independent decisions<\/td>\n<td>Need for agreement among partners<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Risk<\/td>\n<td>High \u2013 everything depends on one person<\/td>\n<td>Shared among several shareholders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>A single\u2011member LLC thus provides maximum control and simple management, but at the same time places greater responsibility on one owner.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Advantages of a Slovak single\u2011member LLC<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Full control over the company \u2013 you make all decisions yourself, without shareholders.<\/li>\n<li>Simple management and administration \u2013 no general meetings or voting.<\/li>\n<li>Protection of personal assets \u2013 you are liable only up to the amount of unpaid capital.<\/li>\n<li>Lower tax burden compared to sole proprietorship, especially with higher profits.<\/li>\n<li>Possibility to employ yourself as managing director and optimize levies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Disadvantages of a Slovak single\u2011member LLC<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>All responsibility is on you.<\/li>\n<li>If you make a wrong decision, there is no second shareholder to help.<\/li>\n<li>More administration than with sole proprietorship.<\/li>\n<li>LLC must keep double\u2011entry bookkeeping and file financial statements.<\/li>\n<li>Stricter duties of the managing director.<\/li>\n<li>You are responsible for proper bookkeeping and acting on behalf of the company.<\/li>\n<li>Cannot be a shareholder in more than 3 single\u2011member LLCs (according to \u00a7 105a of the Commercial Code).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Do I need a notary to establish a single\u2011member LLC in Slovakia?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Not always. Since 2017, single\u2011member limited liability companies can be established without a personal visit to a notary, if you use an electronic signature (eID card) and the services of the portal <a href=\"http:\/\/www.slovensko.sk\/\">slovensko.sk<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A notary is required in these cases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>if the founder decides to use a non\u2011cash contribution (e.g. car, computer, software),<\/li>\n<li>if he wants to establish the company in paper form,<\/li>\n<li>if the founder does not have a qualified electronic signature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Amount of registered capital and shareholder\u2019s contribution<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>As with a classic LLC, a single\u2011member company must have a minimum registered capital of \u20ac5,000.<br \/>\nThe sole shareholder must contribute the entire deposit \u2013 i.e. \u20ac5,000 \u2013 and it must be paid in full before registration of the company in the Commercial Register.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to know that you do not have to physically deposit this money into an account. A sworn statement by the deposit administrator that the amount has been paid is sufficient.<\/p>\n<p>After registration in the register, the registered capital becomes the property of the company, so you can use it for business expenses.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Sole shareholder and managing director \u2013 can it be the same person?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Yes, and in practice this is the most common solution.<br \/>\nThe sole shareholder is also the managing director of the company, which means that he:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>manages the company,<\/li>\n<li>signs contracts,<\/li>\n<li>is responsible for accounting,<\/li>\n<li>represents the company externally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The law allows it, but emphasizes that these must be two different legal positions \u2013 even if held by one person.<br \/>\nAs managing director you have the duty to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>act with professional care,<\/li>\n<li>ensure that the company does not go bankrupt,<\/li>\n<li>protect the interests of the company and shareholders, not just your personal ones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>How does decision\u2011making work in a single\u2011member LLC in Slovakia?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Since the company has only one shareholder, the general meeting does not exist. It is replaced by a written decision of the sole shareholder, which has the legal weight of a resolution.<\/p>\n<p>Each such decision must have:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>date and signature of the shareholder,<\/li>\n<li>precisely determined subject of the decision (e.g. approval of financial statements, change of registered office),<\/li>\n<li>form of a document that is archived.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These documents are also important for accounting and during tax office inspections.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Accounting and taxes in a single\u2011member LLC<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A single\u2011member LLC has the same tax obligations as any other LLC. It must keep double\u2011entry bookkeeping and file annually:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>financial statements,<\/li>\n<li>corporate income tax return,<\/li>\n<li>reports for the statistical office (if required).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Taxation of company profit<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Corporate income tax is 10% (for turnover up to \u20ac100,000 per year) or 21% \/ 24% (for higher turnover).<br \/>\nAfter taxation you can, as a shareholder, pay dividends \u2013 these are subject to dividend tax of 7%, but no health insurance levy is paid on them.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Levies of the managing director<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>If you are managing director and also shareholder, you have two options:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Without remuneration \u2013 you do not pay levies, but you also do not build social security.<\/li>\n<li>With remuneration \u2013 levies to social and health insurance are paid from the managing director\u2019s remuneration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Owner\u2019s liability \u2013 only up to the amount of the contribution?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Yes, but with exceptions. According to law, the company is liable for its obligations with all its assets and the shareholder only up to the amount of the unpaid contribution.<\/p>\n<p>However, if:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the managing director breaches the duty to act with professional care,<\/li>\n<li>the company intentionally misleads creditors,<\/li>\n<li>or the company goes bankrupt,<br \/>\nthe shareholder (or managing director) may be personally liable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Therefore, it is recommended to take out managing director\u2019s liability insurance (so\u2011called D&amp;O insurance), which protects against financial consequences of wrong decisions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Common mistakes of entrepreneurs with single\u2011member LLC in Slovakia<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Mixing personal and company account.<br \/>\nAll payments should go through the company account, not personal.<\/li>\n<li>Not keeping accounting documents.<br \/>\nEven small expenses must be supported by an invoice or receipt.<\/li>\n<li>Withdrawing money from the company account without legal title.<br \/>\nMoney belongs to the company, not you personally \u2013 if you need it, you must pay it as salary, remuneration or dividends.<\/li>\n<li>Forgotten decisions of the sole shareholder.<br \/>\nEvery important step (e.g. change of registered office) must be formally approved in writing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>When is it worth choosing a Slovak single\u2011member LLC<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A single\u2011member LLC is ideal if:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>you want to do business alone but do not want to be liable with all assets,<\/li>\n<li>you have higher annual income where sole proprietorship is no longer worthwhile,<\/li>\n<li>you plan to expand business in the future or accept shareholders,<\/li>\n<li>you need to appear more credible to banks and partners.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you are just starting and have low costs, a sole proprietorship may be more advantageous at first, which you can later convert into an LLC.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>FAQ \u2013 Most common questions about single\u2011member LLC<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Can I be a shareholder in several single\u2011member LLCs?<br \/>\nMaximum in three, according to \u00a7 105a of the Commercial Code.<\/li>\n<li>Can a single\u2011member LLC have more managing directors?<br \/>\nYes, but the shareholder remains only one. He can appoint other managing directors as managers.<\/li>\n<li>Must the company\u2019s registered office be at the place of permanent residence?<br \/>\nNo, you can have a virtual office or an office elsewhere.<\/li>\n<li>Can I employ family members in a single\u2011member LLC?<br \/>\nYes, the company can employ anyone, including family.<\/li>\n<li>Must I keep a cash register if I receive payments only to the account?<br \/>\nNo, a cash register is not mandatory if you receive exclusively cashless payments.<\/li>\n<li>Can I convert a single\u2011member LLC into a multi\u2011member one?<br \/>\nYes, just transfer part of the business share to a new shareholder.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Single\u2011member LLC = company with one shareholder.<\/li>\n<li>Liability only up to the amount of unpaid contribution.<\/li>\n<li>You have full control, but also responsibility.<\/li>\n<li>You must keep accounting and file tax returns.<\/li>\n<li>Establishment is possible online, quickly and cheaply.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; What is a Slovak single\u2011member LLC? A Slovak single\u2011member limited liability company, often called a \u201csingle\u2011member s.r.o.\u201d, is a legal form that can be established by a single natural or legal person. In practice, this means that the company has only one shareholder, who is also the owner of the entire company. This business&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4525,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[55,102],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4521"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4521"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4521\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4524,"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4521\/revisions\/4524"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4521"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4521"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.setupmart.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4521"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}